The Is The Mobile Clinic Be Operated For Providing Hiv...

The mobile clinic will be operated for providing HIV testing and counseling service. Weekly outreach events will be hosted on a total of 5 college campuses in Alameda County at UC Berkeley, Cal State Hayward (East Bay), Chabot College, Laney College, and Mills College. The outreach on the campuses provides awareness and educate college students regarding the HIV cause, transmission, and prevention. The intervention proceeds over a 24-month period with participants between the ages of 20-29 years old in Alameda County who are both HIV-positive and HIV-negative. The 24-months intervention is broken down into 1-month, 3-months, 6-months, 12-months, and 24 months. The first month includes interactive activities, watching short videos, peer†¦show more content†¦Training of the staff will be before the implementation begins and there will be on-going training/follow-up for every month throughout the program. Also, the mobile clinic outreach services are continuous for the full 24- month period to provide HIV testing and counseling services to the general population of college students. Staffing Plan The personnel for this intervention will include a Project Manager/HIV-Prevention Coordinator, two clinicians (health workers), three peer educators, two counselors, and a consultant. The Coordinator/Project Manager, Alexis Wielunski, has a Masters of Public Health degree from San Jose State University. She is well knowledgeable on HIV prevention methods and also works full-time with San Francisco Department of Public Health. She has worked for the Berkeley Free Clinic for over 3 years and is passionate about health promotion and prevention. The two clinicians are nursing students from local universities, and they are expected to graduate as a registered nurse in the next 6 months. The peer educators are young individuals, some are college students, and some are not college students. 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Marxist View Of What Law Is The Foundation Of Society And Law

1. Marxists argue that control of the means of production is the foundation of society and law is a reflection of that dynamic. Do you agree? Discuss. â€Å"Law is only a superstructure; in reality it only translates the interests of those who hold the reins of command in any given society; it is an instrument in the service of those who exercise their ‘dictatorship’ in this society because they have the instruments of production within their control.† For Marx there were two distinct classes in society, the ruling class, the owners of the means of production, the â€Å"Bourgeoisie† and the ruled class, the â€Å"Proletariat†. The quote, with which I begin this essay, clearly explains the Marxist view of what law is in a given society. For Marxists†¦show more content†¦Those in power within the law-making bodies are quite clearly what Marx would consider bourgeois: they are highly paid, highly educated individuals who have a means of controlling how (and indeed what) laws are put in to place. Arguably it is unavoidable, to find ourselves in a situation, in which, we have a select group in society in positions of power, who can implement and change legislation. Most would argue that these people have been democratically elected, and chosen by democratic means. Marxists believe that the bourgeoisie have the control of law-making bodies and thus make laws which are favourable towards their social class whil st penalising the proletariat. We can see this expressed in the Communist Manifesto â€Å"Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made in to a law for all†. This statement highlights the Marxist belief that control of the means of creation of law, allows for the creation of laws which could be seen as coercive and controlling. An example of these, unjust laws, within our society which coincide with this Marxist view could be the under-occupancy charge, more commonly known as the â€Å"bedroom tax.† Under this legislation we see a reduction in housing benefits for people who have

British Computing Society Code of Conduct

Question: Discuss about the British Computing Society Code of Conduct. Answer: During the past years and present time, the function of the British Computer Society (BCS) has become significant. Such that for all the individuals to take up a line of work as ICT (information communication technology) and IS (information systems) workers, the codes of practice and ethic has to be foundation of transporting their obligations. Though, seriously looking at the codes of practice and ethics which centers upon the (public interest, obligation to the manager and customers, obligation to the job and professional ability and reliability) with practices of some people in the job who were imaginary to be bound by the codes of practice and ethics, one would wonder if these codes of practice and ethics were just for the books (The British Computer Society, 2004). The Code of Conduct: Set out the specialized principles which were required by BCS as a preliminary requirement for attaining membership by an individual; Applies to all the individuals, irrespective of their association grade, the function they fulfill and perform, or the jurisdiction where they were working or discharge their contractual duties. Governs the behavior of the person and not the character of the trade in which he works or principles of any Relevant Authority for which a IT professional like me was working and carrying out his task. Employees were anticipated to work out their own judgment (which should be made in such a manner as to be practically acceptable) in order to meet the necessities of the code and seek advice if an individual have any kind of doubt. Similarly, there have been a number of issues which have been face by all the experts in this field. There have been a major number of ethical, social and lawful issues which have been observed to have been taken place at an immense scale. The working of such kind of experts affect the lives of others as they typically obtain as a part of their official training different classes which deal with the ethical issues which were common to their experts (Relkin, 2006). Ethical Issues As, it has been well understood by all the individuals that ethical issues have been regarded as a circumstance that needs an individual or association to decide among options that must be assessed as right i.e. ethical or wrong i.e. unethical (Hack, 2016). The major ethical challenges facing by information technology are security, privacy and copy right infringement. Under the BCS institute ethical issues may include Public Interest. So, being a IT professional it is my duty to: Carry out things with precautions and carry out a thing which would be for the benefit for the heath of people and its surroundings. Perform a task by keeping in mind that the privileges of an individual were not affected. Treat all the individuals in an equal manner irrespective of any caste, sex, gender, etc. Also allow people to use the IT services in a well reputed manner (Berzai, 2012). So, it has been my duty to act for the welfare of the public and not for my personal interest. Also, at the same time I have a obligation to abide by the codes. A computer misuse act makes use of computer for unlawful actions. In todays digitalized world, individuals were spending a momentous part of their lives at job with the internet. So, in IT profession the probability of misutilization of computer has slowly improved. By sharing login details to the friends, copying contravention material like music, movies concluded in misutilization On the other hand, in IT profession illegal Hacking was also one of the crucial crimes where unlawful Hackers utilize their unlawful admittance for critical aims without the privileges from the superior authorities. Introduction of this Computer misuse act 1990 in the field of IT decreased the risk factor of unlawful access, every persons private computer lawfully were safeguarded from any unlawful hackers under the criminal law. Sosial Issues A social issue has been regarded as an issue that pressures a substantial number of the persons within a community. It was often the outcome of features extending beyond the social issue of a person which was the source of a incompatible view on the grounds of what was supposed as a honorably just private life (Gotterban, 2001). Under the BCS institute, I being an IT professional could get rid of such issues by way of specialized capability and honesty. So, being an IT professional I should should: Take and carry out such work for which he was capable and have skill and expertise. Not ask for any kind of ability which was not obtained by an individual in this field. Enlarge his skill and expertise with widening his knowledge scope with observing the things which were going on in this dynamic world and should change with that. Ensure that he has the awareness and have knowledge of the regulations in carrying out his specialized tasks, etc (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2012). For example, Green issues was one of the important disputes in todays world which people face presently to gain acquaintance and plays a important function in IT industry . By way of Green IT, a number of ecological effects in the world were caused such as the utilization of printer; the comprehensive paper utilization has tripled in the last three decades as a result of which deforestation occurred (Shinder, 2005). Harmful impacts have taken place by the inappropriate computer and e-waste recycling as a result of which the health of the public was hampered because it includes Polybrominated Flame Retardants and Barium. While recycling the parts of computer there was no assured privacy for the personal information. Deleting all the files does not essentially delete all the files. So, it was protected to over written the hard disk. Also, Green issues have been taken in to consideration in the IT industry for better community. IT also plays a crucial role in this modern time. Everything has become online and commercial but all these amenities were not available to all the individuals. Without access to IT, disabled people were not capable to live life as normal human beings. So, some software products were designed that could be utilized by the users with a wide range of disabilities and abilities was known as Universal design". Speech and hearing chaos alone not hinder with the utilization of computer (Bloom, 2014). Legal Isues Legal issues have been universally includes the examination for defamatory or false declarations before the copy goes to print. This was an particularly significant step to make sure that publishers dont obligate libel by producing imprecise or fallacious facts or declarations about individuals or actions (Duquenoy, 2016). The British Computer Society (BCS) might have observed to set the standard as a guide for all the individuals who want to be in the occupation and would require to work and practice in the state and even members that would require to work outsides it coast would also be abided by the codes of practice and ethics (Tech ICT, 2016). Conversely, when it comes to concrete situation of a workplace then there were a lot of divergences which would be seen from the codes of practice and ethics with immaterial reasons or shifting of blames (Kerber, 2016). Therefore, under the BCS code and the institute which governs such code the legal issue could be of two types. Duty to Relevant Authority: Under this, it could be stated that it was the obligation which was granted to me that I should: Do the work with compliance, and due care and regard with the rules which the authorities have made. Not carry out any work by which a disagreement takes place between the IT expert and the authority governing it. Not disclose any secret and important data of an individual or of the corporation to any other party for the benefit of oneself, etc (The British Computer Society, 2004). Example: Data protection Act 1998 was the law in UK that needs all the corporations to keep protected any private and secret information that it might hold about the people. In todays time, protection of information has become one of the main problems with the enlarging technology in IT world. With the accessible new technologies in the market Unlawful hacking, privacy, cybercrime could be observed often in all the professions (Warren, 2016). So, at the end it could be concluded that after analyzing the issues which form a part of my job it could be stated that most of the crimes were seen to be taking place as a result of fundamental probabilities in the system which vestiges unnoticed due to lack of knowledge (The British Computer Society, 2016). As a consequence of such issues, all the PC pertinent harms could not be disinfected. So, by pertaining hot joins and scraps these anxieties which were made regarding protections could be enclosed .Privacy could be remembered by abiding by not giving out the passwords to friends. A complicated interruption anticipation scheme in place would hamper a number of trespassers and protects the system and network. It could be recommended that if a recurrent auditing in the IT infrastructure and review could take place it would assist in scheduling and implementing the systems of the security. So, accordingly it could be stated that the finest thing was to be in stroke with computer experts and amalgamation in regard to their societies. Individuals were regarded as the fundamental building slabs of the community. So the verdict making issue should initiate from the essence of the entire computer client. A center on the data system malfunction and study on them could put light on the principles of the computer industry. So, if the societies were doing good then it would be for sure make a high-quality force in the advancement of a good state and in turn a good globe could lead to a better world. To conquer this an individual should esteem the privacy of other individual, the utilization of any software should not hamper any other individual and end-users who should be willing to pay the closed source applications and supply for sharewares .If an individual come across any inconsistency utilization of the internal sense to delight in the requirement to keep the lawful individual who was conversant about the issue. Workers should abide to the guiding principles of the organizations. Therefore, to get rid of such issues sincerity and honesty should be adopted. References Berzai, L. (2012) Ethical Problems in Computing. [Online]Association of Information Technology Professionals. Available from: https://www.aitp.org/news/98451/ [Accessed on 22/12/16] Bloom, E. (2014) 12 Characteristics of Successful IT Professionals. [Online] Chief Information Officers. Available from: https://www.cio.com/article/2375264/careers-staffing/12-characteristics-of-successful-it-professionals.html?page=2 [Accessed on 22/12/16] Duquenoy, P. (2016) Ethical Implications of ICT for Professional Bodies. [Online]Middlesex University. Available from: https://cepis.org/media/EthicsMC.Duquenoy1.pdf [Accessed on 22/12/16] Gotterban, D. (2001) Science and Engineering Ethics. Information and Professional Responsibility. [Online] Available from: https://www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/jpapers/papers/Gotterbarn_2001_see.pdf [Accessed on 22/12/16] Hack, M. (2016) How to solve the biggest issues facing IT professionals in 2016. [Online]IT Pro Portal. Available from: https://www.itproportal.com/2016/01/07/how-to-solve-the-biggest-issues-facing-it-professionals-in-2016/ [Accessed on 22/12/16] Kerber, M. (2016) Professionalism BCS Codes .[Online] Computer Science. Available from: https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~mmk/teaching/commskills/s4.pdf [Accessed on 22/12/16] Marholis, D. (2016) 7 Characteristics of Successful IT Professionals. [Online]Comp TIA. Available from: https://certification.comptia.org/it-career-news/post/view/2016/10/24/7-characteristics-of-successful-it-professionals [Accessed on 22/12/16] Relkin, J. (2006) 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers. [Online] Tech Republic. Available from: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers/ [Accessed on 22/12/16] Shinder, D. (2005) Ethical Issues for IT Security Professionals. [Online] Window Security.Available from: https://www.windowsecurity.com/articles-tutorials/misc_network_security/Ethical-Issues-IT-Security-Professionals.html [Accessed on 22/12/16] Shinder, D. (2005) Ethical issues for IT security professionals. [Online] Computer World. Available from: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2557944/security0/ethical-issues-for-it-security-professionals.html [Accessed on 22/12/16] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2012) Information Technology and Moral Values. [Online] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/it-moral-values/ [Accessed on 22/12/16] Tech ICT. (2016) British Computing Society Code of Conduct. [Online] Tech ICT. Available from: https://www.teach-ict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/A2_G063/336_implications_ict/ethics/miniweb/pg9.htm [Accessed on 22/12/16] The British Computer Society. (2004) Codes of Good Practice. [Online] The British Computer Society Available from: https://www.bcs.org//upload/pdf/cop.pdf [Accessed on 22/12/16] The British Computer Society. (2016) BCS Code of Conduct. [Online] The British Computer Society. Available from: https://www.bcs.org/category/6030 [Accessed on 22/12/16] The British Computer Society. (2016) British Computer Society Code of Conduct. [Online] The British Computer Society. Available from: https://cgi.csc.liv.ac.uk/~comp39x/2015-16/guides/BCS_CoC.pdf [Accessed on 22/12/16] Warren, E. (2016) Legal, Ethical, and Professional Issues in Information Security. [Online] Cengage. Available from: https://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/1111138214_259148.pdf [Accessed on 22/12/16]

The Ramayana Family Role free essay sample

The Ramayana Hindus are extremely respectful and prideful people with many strong core beliefs. These beliefs have been passed down through the ages in The Ramayana. Throughout this epic poem, Rama, his family, and many others exemplify what it means to be Hindu. Rama is considered to be a perfect Hindu and follows all aspects of Hinduism flawlessly. This includes following duty, honor, responsibilities based on a person’s place in society, and most important to Rama, family. In the epic The Ramayana, family is portrayed as the most important aspect to the Hindu belief. The importance of family is shown early in the epic when King Dasaratha begs of Viswamithra to not take Rama away from his family, or at least to wait till he’s older. Viswamithra wants to take him on a journey to perform a yagna, or a journey to conquer the five-fold evils. The king’s love for his son Rama was most likely the strongest of all relationships, greater even than that of husband and wife. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ramayana Family Role or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rama’s father assumed the role of a teacher his son and gave all his good aspects of learning to him while growing up. Since this father and son bond was so strong, the king had great difficulty in handing Rama and his brothers over to the sage and was said to have â€Å"the look of one delivering hostages into the hand of an enemy. †(Narayan, 10) On Rama’s journey, Rama met a beautiful princess who eventually became his wife, though only after proving her worthiness by completing the task of rebowing Vishnu’s bow. When King Dasaratha heard of this he swelled with pride and couldn’t have been more proud of Rama and his brothers. After marrying, Rama’s father treats him as his equal and even as a friend. Over time, Dasaratha grows old, and with the utmost trust and pride in his son Rama, decides to pass on his throne to him. However, one of Dasaratha’s wives forces the king to banish Rama from the city for fourteen years because of a past predicament. Dasaratha is tremendously heartbroken. The king begs for Rama to not leave, and is in a state of complete immobility from the situation. The king shows how important family really is when he says to Rama with all seriousness, â€Å"How can I bear to see you go? I will not survive your departure. (Narayan, 49) When news arrives to tell that Rama will not be returning, King Dasaratha dies while the messenger is still talking to him. This shows how important family really was to the king. He knew Rama was to return after his fourteen year banishment, but the king could not last that long without his son by his side. Rama showed an incredible amount of respect to family as well. He was willing to take on many great sacrifices in the interest of family harmony. He anticipated what his father desired and acted cheerfully without even being told. He never questioned the ethics of his fathers actions or his stepmothers actions, even when they seemed crazy to others or affected Rama personally. He followed orders from his father and mothers without question and felt honored while doing so. He called all of his stepmothers mother as a sign of respect and saw them as equals to his biological mom Kausalya. When his stepmother Kaikeyi told Rama that his father would no longer pass the throne to him and he would be banished for fourteen years Rama asked no questions and immediately agreed to leave. He even felt honored in doing so. â€Å"Throughout he referred to Kaikeyi in the gentlest terms and always as â€Å"mother†. †(Narayan, 60) He continued to call Kaikeyi mother even after he found out it was her who wanted him gone; he even agreed she had the right to decide who was to be king. He also stated that his parents are of highest command and that he will do anything they tell them when Vasishtha, Rama’s guru, tried to take authority and stop Rama from leaving. Rama stayed loyal to his brothers and his wife Sita through the epic. Ravana’s sister, who was extremely beautiful and perfect in every way, wished to pleasure and serve Rama but he remained strong and refused, for his heart belonged to Sita. He wished for nothing but to please his wife and would do anything for her. He even risked his life by battling Ravana in order to save her. After Rama defeated Ravana and saved Sita, he not only became King again, he was made Emperor of the World. He requested that his trustworthy brother Lakshmana become the yuvaraja, or prince, though he ultimately the position to his other brother Bharata, who ruled the kingdom while Rama was gone. Rama’s brothers were perpetually loyal to Rama and could not have loved him more. They were furious when they heard he was banished and would no longer become crowned king. Lakshmana, outraged, threw on his battle robe and weapons and was ready to take on a whole army to see that Rama was crowned king, as he rightfully should be. He even stated, â€Å"I know no father and no mother, other than you. †(Narayan, 52) He loved his brother so much that he saw him as greater than his own parents, who gave him life. Lakshmana would have died at any moment for his brother Rama; this is why he decided to leave with Rama on his banishment and swore to protect him with his life. Rama’s other brother Bharata, who was away at the time, was also appalled when he heard the news of Rama being banished. It was Bharata’s mother who banished Rama and when he found out that it was she who was responsible he told her, â€Å"If I do not snuff your wretched life out with my own hand, do not pride yourself that it’s because you are my mother, but you are spared because Rama would despise me for my deed. (Narayan, 58) It was Bharata who was to be crowned king after Rama was banished, however he did not wish this upon himself and begged for Rama’s forgiveness and asked him to come back and take the crown. Rama declined and Bharata agreed to rule the kingdom while he was gone, but he vowed to step down fourteen years from the day Rama left, whether or not he came back. Bharata took and wore Rama’s sandals to show that the throne was Ramas and that he would rule Ayodhya in his name while he was gone . He even refused to go back into the kingdom but stayed outside of the gates, for he felt unworthy. Sita also showed great love, compassion, and loyalty to Rama. Sita was the epitome of womanly virtues and purity and she was almost perfect in appearance. Fro the moment she laid eyes on Rama she couldn’t sleep or even rid her mind of Rama, and she thought about killing herself if she could not be with him. Sita, too, refused to stay when Rama was banished and eventually convinced Rama to take her with him. She stated that there would be no point in living if he was not there with her. One day, while Rama was out trying to catch a golden deer that was really a trick, a voice disguised as Ramas shouted for help. Lakshmana was protecting Sita at the time and knew it was most likely a set up so he did not worry about it. However, Sita worried greatly and did not understand that he was safe. She desperately wanted Lakshmana to go save Rama. She stated, â€Å"If you don’t want to save him, there is nothing more I can do, nor anyone I could turn to for support. The only thing left will be for me to build a fire and throw myself into it. †(Narayan, 84) By saying this, Sita shows that she would rather die than live without Rama, showing how much she cares for him. This loyalty and desperation was also displayed when Sita almost hung herself when she thought Rama had forgotten her after she was captured by Ravana. After being saved from Ravana, she proved her purity and served not only as queen, but as part of Ramas family. Family was the most important core value to the Hindus and was shown in many ways throughout the epic. To dishonor ones family was the worst punishment that one could bring upon him or herself. Rama’s family members were willing to die for each other, and unfortunately some even did. Were it not for Ramas relationship with his family, he would not have succeeded in the way he did. Rama and his brothers achieved a sense of family harmony with the virtuous, wise, and strong elder brother, the obedient, extremely devoted younger brothers, and the self sacrificing, ever-loving wife. Rama has served as a perfect role model for thousands of generations in India. The Ramayana displays the way a son, husband, and brother should act in a Hindu society. Cultures today still value family relations, but the bond is nowhere near the same as shown in The Ramayana.

Chapter 48 Essay Example

Chapter 48 Paper The gamelan is a traditional orchestra from Japan. false The white tone singing style in the vocal part of George Crumbs Ancient Voices of Children is a style in which the singer: sings without vibrato In composing, Crumb uses techniques and instruments from various world musics. true The harmony in Crumbs Caballito Negro is primarily: atonal For which work did George Crumb win a Pulitzer prize in 1968? Echoes of Time and the River The prevalent rhythm in Crumbs Caballito Negro is meant to: emulate the sound of a galloping horse The gamelan orchestra is made up largely of percussion instruments. true Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Sonata V? improvisation How many books of madrigal sets did George Crumb write? four John Cages work 433 challenges the differentiation between music and noise. true Henry Cowell is known for combining Asian instruments with traditional Western ensembles. true Which composer has written several compositions on the poetry of Federico Garcà ­a Lorca? George Crumb Whose poetry did George Crumb set in his second book of madrigals? Federico Garcà ­a Lorca Harry Partch was a serious proponent of microtonal music. true Cages work Sonatas and Interludes is written for: prepared piano Which composer invented new instruments capable of microtonality? Harry Partch What instruments accompany the voice in Crumbs Caballito Negro? metallic percussion and flute John Cages work 433 is known for its consonant harmonic writing. false One of Henry Cowells innovations was the prepared piano. false George Crumb is representative of avant-garde composition in the United States. true The form of Sonata V from Sonatas and Interludes is: binary, with each section repeated John Cages Sonatas and Interludes is a work for Javanese gamelan. false Who is considered to be the inventor of the prepared piano? John Cage The prepared piano called for in Sonatas and Interludes simulates a: gamelan orchestra

Lexeme - Definition, Etymology and Examples

Lexeme s In linguistics, a lexeme is the fundamental unit of the lexicon (or word stock) of a language. Also known as a  lexical unit,  lexical item,  or  lexical word. In corpus linguistics, lexemes are commonly referred to as lemmas. A lexeme is oftenbut not alwaysan individual word (a simple lexeme or dictionary word, as its sometimes called). A single dictionary word (for example, talk) may have a number of inflectional forms or grammatical variants (in this example, talks, talked, talking). A multiword (or composite) lexeme is a lexeme made up of more than one orthographic  word, such as a phrasal verb (e.g., speak up;  pull through), an open compound (fire engine;  couch potato), or an idiom (throw in the towel;  give up the ghost). The way in which a lexeme can be used in a sentence is determined by its word class or grammatical category. Etymology From the Greek, word, speech Examples and Observations A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant, jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music, and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in English. The headwords in a dictionary are all lexemes.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Specifications of Lexemes [A] lexeme is a linguistic item defined  by the following specifications, which make up what is called the lexical entry for this item: its sound form and its spelling (for languages with a written standard);the grammatical category of  the lexeme (noun,  intransitive verb, adjective, etc.);its inherent grammatical properties (for some languages, e.g. gender);the set of grammatical forms it may take, in particular, irregular forms;its lexical meaning.These specifications apply to both simple and composite lexemes.(Sebastian Là ¶bner,  Understanding Semantics. Routledge, 2013) The Meanings of Lexemes Definitions are an attempt to characterize  the meaning or sense of a lexeme and to distinguish the meaning of the lexeme concerned from the meanings of other lexemes in the same semantic field, for example, the elephant from other large mammals. There is  a sense in which a definition characterizes the potential meaning of a lexeme; the meaning only becomes precise  as it is actualized in a context. Since the division of the meaning of a lexeme into senses is based on the variation of meaning perceived  in different contexts, a tension exists in lexicography between the recognition of separate senses and the potentiality of meaning found in definitions. This may well account in large part for the divergence  between  similar-sized dictionaries in the number of senses recorded and in consequent differences of definition.(Howard Jackson and  Ã¢â‚¬Å½Etienne Zà © Amvela,  Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, 2nd ed. Continuum, 200 5) Invariable and Variable Lexemes In many cases, it makes no difference whether we take a syntactic or a lexical perspective. Lexemes such as the and and are invariable, i.e., there is only one word corresponding to each. Also invariable are lexemes like efficiently: although more efficiently is in some respects like harder, it is not a single word, but a sequence of two, and hence efficiently and more efficiently are not forms of a single lexeme. Variable lexemes, by contrast, are those which have two or more forms. Where we need to make clear that we are considering an item as a lexeme, not a word, we will represent it in bold italics. Hard, for example, represents the lexeme which has hard and harderand also hardestas its forms. Similarly are and is, along with be, been, being, etc., are forms of the lexeme be. . . . A variable lexeme is thus a word-sized lexical item considered in abstraction from grammatical properties that vary depending on the syntactic construction in which it appears.(Rodney Huddleston and G eoffroy Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002) Pronunciation: LECK-seem

Risk Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Risk Management - Literature review Example The nature of oil spillage risk in oil exploration program The oil industry is concerned with a long history of spills on the North Slope and the probability of future spills is high. Indeed, there has been an oil spillage once a day, on average, from the time when gas and oil development began on the North Slope. Many of the tragedy involved pipelines, and improvement in the Chukchi and Beaufort would result in setting a connection of pipelines from wells to shore, till 75 miles away. In order to make the subject worse, ocean currents move the chemicals and oil hundreds of miles. Further, in the Arctic Ocean, cleaning up oil spills would lead to enormous challenges. Suppression and recovery at sea hardly ever leads to the removal of more than a comparatively small fraction of a large oil spill, i.e. only 10-15% and often significantly less. Till date, no technology subsists in order to clean up oil in the sea ice circumstances and late-season spills would stay behind until the following year. Furthermore, cold water splits down oil much more slowly than the warm water. Another impediment is the lack of infrastructure for quick reaction to a spillage. Climate change has considerably weakened the basis on which Arctic ecosystems function. Most important industrialization would add to the challenges faced by phytoplankton, at the bottom of the food chain and would generate a series of other problems. Species mainly at risk include polar bear, walruses, ringed seals, beluga and bowhead whales and coastal birds.

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Austin Wood Products (AWP) is a successful company located at Austin Texas and specializes in manufacturing custom made wooden doors. Its current turnover is $ 25 million per annum. Maximum sales take place during February to November but the productivity is hampered by unregulated inventory system. Sadly, until the inventory is physically checked at the warehouse, production is not certain of its availability. In half the cases the material required is unavailable and has to be ordered. This effects both production and delivery. The company expects an increase in turnover by 20% in the coming year but with such erratic and uncontrolled inventory management, the production manager is apprehensive of meeting schedules and is worried about loosing customers. It is an established fact that the Just-in-Time (JIT) based System is the answer to manufacturing operations. JIT has lead to the development of what is known as Lean Manufacturing. It offers scope for reducing inventories and introducing ways and means to improve productivity by planning optimal use of resources. Today manufacturing faces new challenges and has been offered a variety of solutions to manage these. Most prominent among them are the Material Planning Method (MRP) and Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) adopted by many leading solution providers like SAP. But the Theory of Constraints (TOC) is the culmination of the above and a better answer to industry needs. MRP uses fixed lead times to calculate the Bill of Material, often resulting in surplus stock of raw materials. It does not take into consideration materials available in hand. In other words the Purchase Process is built around orders in hand. There is little or no Production Planning and Production just follows availability of raw materials to plan its own executions. The focus is on orders in hand and essentially MRP plays safe ensuring that raw material is always available to Production. But this is both wasteful and ties up huge

Managing Diversity and Executive Motivation Incentives Essay

Managing Diversity and Executive Motivation Incentives - Essay Example Though external forces, such as the political or economic environments in which a company thrives, serve as the catalysts for business decision-making, it is often internal issues which require the intervention of human resources professionals to make the business more efficient and productive. HR managers must understand the importance of managing workplace diversity while also addressing the broader needs of executives in terms of providing them with the motivation needed to perform to strategic expectations. Ignoring diversity tends to reduce overall firm productivity, undermining strategic objectives, and further serves to create internal conflict between diverse staff members (Women in Management Review, 2005). This project highlights the efforts of contemporary HR managers in managing diversity and building executive-level motivations to perform. Practically every textbook referencing management theory describes the managerial process as a series of planning, organizing, leading and controlling as a viable model for management behavior (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2005; Mathis & Jackson, 2005). Planning represents the preliminary steps necessary to reach a specific management goal, organizing involves the tangible coordination of activities and staff to reach said goals, while leading represents a more psychological element of management which involves creating a positive climate as both a mentor and mediator. Further, controlling involves establishing clear and concise business standards to determine whether the firm is reaching its goal targets and offering rewards or punishments if the identified staff is not being productive or performing to expectations. Having offered the definitions of traditional management in modern business, it is important to understand how human resources professionals take these characteristics and utilize them to boost efforts toward managing diversity and building executive-level motivations. The definition of management tends to illustrate that even HR professionals, in order to carry out their roles as guiding forces for staff members, must utilize the four elements of management to create a more rewarding business environment. Diversity management is quickly becoming a paramount objective for business leaders in most developed countries as diversity has been known to enrich group work and lessen the impact of potential internal disputes or conflicts between different staff members (Aoun, 2007: 67). Under the value model of diversity, each individual aspect of the organization is valued for what is specifically brings to the organization (Griffin & Moorhead, 2006), thus

Components of Risk Management

Components of Risk Management 1st the definition of risk: Risk is simply a possible threat that may occur during a specific event or even in a normal day which may affect our lives in various ways by changing the ordinary routine in a dramatic turn of events whether its Damage, loss, liability there is always a chance of a possible risk that may happen (though odds may change by the surrounding Environment, situations and the nature of the risk) (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017) Examples of risk: 1. Financial risk: The possibility that a certain project or business may not cover the costs and expenses that been spent on it or even cause loss of resources. Examples of financial risk: (Investinganswers.com, 2017) Economic Risk: is the possibility that Macroeconomic conditions like exchange rate, government economic Regime or political influences may affect the Economical state of an investment or an entire country Political risk is divided into two types (Investopedia.com, 2017) Macro and Micro: A macro risk refers to adverse actions that will have an impact on all foreign businesses expropriation or insurrection. On the second hand we have Micro risk and its remotely different from macro and the difference is that a micro risk will affect a certain industrial field or business caused by corruption, prejudicial behavior against foreigner countries and their investments and usually will end up losing a lot of Money if they are unprepared for such turn of events. For example after Fidel Castros gained control over Cuba in 1959 hundred millions of dollars worth American Investments were expropriated by Castros government unfortunately most of these American businesses had no resources or alternative plans to retrieve their loss back. Liquidity risk: the following situations will simplify the concept of liquidity risk (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017) Situation 1: not being able to fulfill the needs of depositors and borrowers due the lack of cash or cash equivalents. Situation 2: sales of illiquid assets cheaper than their usual value. Situation 3: illiquid assets will not be sold in the scheduled time planned due to the lack of customers. 2. Food industry Risk: The possibility that harm may occur due to a certain hazard affecting a certain magnitude. 3. Work place risk: The possibility that an injury may occur during work whether the job is risky or not. 2nd The Components of Risk: (Project-Management.com) Risk has 3 components. These components should be taken separately one at a time in consideration while deciding how to manage a risk The event that could happen. The possibility that an event could happen. The effects and the results if the event happens.How to begin? Analyze the possible risks that might happen to your business, life etc. Most of the Risks could be divided in two: External and internal. Internal Risks: Business owners have various ways to control internal risks which happen from day to day represented in things like: Strategies, financials and employees. External risks: Such as disasters and compliance. These are hard to control, Analyze and prepare for however it could be done by a series of preparations. The Plan: (Investinganswers.com, 2017) Risk management plans guide you on your way to analyze the risk, find solutions and get ready to face that risk any given moment. Though this plan doesnt describe the risk as a structure but the techniques of solving problems and facing these risks properly. Step 1 identifying the possible risk: (Gov.uk, 2017) First of all before taking any steps you should consider finding a group to think with about the possible risks. Its always better to think in groups to cover all the corners of the topic. Think of what could be threatening your business and how would it affect you and reflect on your work. You should be taking time to analyze and determine what the risks around you are by covering all the surrounding issues and thinking of the true potential risk and categorizing it. Categorizing risks depends on the nature of your work and your surroundings. For example: if youre running a factory you should consider the risk of having technical difficulties such as the fact that machines may stop functioning or even injuries may occur within your factory. These elements you can control by taking the right cautious steps. These are called internal risks such as we mentioned before. However, in cases of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis etc., there is nothing much you can do ab out it and you may not have control over these external risk elements. 2nd step in our list here is prioritizing project risk: (Gov.uk, 2017) And its simply determining how likely or unlikely the mentioned risks may occur and calculating the potential impact on the project may be minimal. For example: a huge storm could happen and cancel few flights. Thats a risk that unlikely to happen. For example: a meteor shower might hit a certain area on earth and that would cause the same effect as the previous example, but its still unlikely to happen or it doesnt happen too often if I may say. Probability scale: After determining the risk, prioritizing and categorizing them, its now time to put them on the probability scale or the possibility scale: Very unlikely, unlikely, possible, likely, most likely After measuring how serious and likely the risk would happen, its now time to see how influential and impacting the risk is. Using the impact scale: which goes as following Very Low, Low, moderate, high, very high The techniques and the methods used to rank a risk applying probability scale and impact scale: Identifying the risk that is most likely to happen, rank it 5. Identify the risk that is the least likely to happen, rank it 1. Rank the other risks according to how likely they may occur. Apply the previous method on the impact scale. Example no.1 flight: Risk snow storm Probability 3 Impact 5 Priority Actions Example no.2 Flight: Risk Meteor shower Probability 1 Impact 5 Priority Actions Calculating priority: Once the probability and impact have been determined, you can easily calculate the priority by multiplying its probability through its impact. By this method you should be able to reorder your risk list in order of your own priorities. Example no.1 flight: Risk snow storm Probability 3 Impact 5 Priority 15 Actions Example no.2 Flight: Risk Meteor shower Probability 1 Impact 5 Priority 5 Actions As we mentioned earlier that each environment has its risks and each situation has a set of risks. This leads us to our next point. Hazard maps: the definition of hazard maps: (Earthquake.usgs.gov, 2017) A hazard map is a highlighted map spotting dangerous areas that affected or vulnerable to a certain hazard or risk such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides etc.. Hazard maps are created and used too often to expose the areas of high risk however hazard maps has various uses. For example: the one created by the U.S Geological survey which is used by American Insurance Agencies in order to maintain insurance covered citizens safe for living in hazardous areas. This leads us to a very important point which is event history. Event history: The only purpose of event history is to record, analyze and explain why certain people are at higher risks than others. This can be done by a special sort of static methods depending on the matter which is discussed. The first single requirement to make an event history analysis is event history data. The definition of event history: (members.home.nl/, 2017) Its simply a static or a series of events recorded by the date and time which happened to an individual or a series of individuals. For Example: an event history might be constructed by asking a series of question to a sample of people or making a survey which will report the dates of any past changes in marital status (for example). Risk appetite: A way to help and lead an organization system to approach risk and risk management. The definition of Risk appetite: (theirm.com, 2017): Its the amount of risk that a certain organization is able to tolerate and accept in the quest of its objectives and before the action is considered necessary. This done to reduce the risk since it works as a balance between the perks of creativity and the risk that change inevitably brings. Levels of Risk appetite Averse: Avoiding risk and uncertainty. Minimal: tendency to maximum safe options that is low on risk for a limited reward. Cautious: tendency to safe side options that have a minimal degree of risk and may have limited potential for a reward. Open: Willing to consider all options, the safe side part and the risky side as well and choose the one most likely to give better results. Hungry: eager to be innovative and willing to take the risks by choosing options with higher or better rewards despite the obvious risk, however the risk could be reduced by measuring the odds, though precise measurement isnt always possible. By defining the risk appetite an organization can make a perfect balance between innovation and caution for better results and higher, safer profits. However if a risk occurred and it already happened well need to use methods called Risk treatment. The definition of risk treatment: (simplicable.com, 2017) A risk treatment protocol or method which simply shows you how to manage a risk process all of its contents and treat it with various solutions. Avoidance: The first way to solve a problem is to avoid it and not needing to deal with it which in this case not taking the risk at all by avoiding its actions and staying out of its direction for a safe result. Reduction: You can always stay safe, always be prepared for the risk, for example wearing a life jacket when you go out for a swim, that way you will reduce the risk of drowning. Risk acceptance: Also known as risk retention which is simply choosing to take the risk instead of avoiding it. How to assess the risk? (Gov.uk, 2017) There are few things you need to know if you want to assess the risk. 1st: you need to identify the risks and the hazards such as we mentioned before. 2nd: you need to know who would get harmed by these hazards. 3rd: evaluate the risks. 4th: record your researches and studies about the risk. 5th: review your assessment to make sure that everything is going as planned. Risk management process: 1st youd need to identify the hazards as usual and make sure that you studied all the sides of these hazards. 2nd risk identification youd want to be fully aware of the risk and the hazards caused by it. For example: Hazard: worn out wires on electric items. Risk:worker might get electrocuted. 3rd risk assessment as its really importantto evaluate the odds of an injury occurring along with the possible consequences. Thats why risk assessment is based on two factors.The possible impact of any injury caused by a hazard and the possibility that the injury will happen, a risk matrix should be used in this type of situations. Risk Matrix: (Brighthub Project Management, 2017): Is a matrix used during the risk assessment to categorize the various levels of risk and the amount of harm that can be predicted to happen during a specific event an accident. Forexample, the level of risk could be measured and calculated as the result of possibility that harm could occur multiplied by the severity of that harm. Catastrophic: Numerous Deaths.Critical: 1 Death or Several Severe Injuries. Marginal: 1 Severe Injury or several Minor Injuries. Negligible: 1 Minor Injury Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Certain High High Extreme Extreme Likely Moderate High High Extreme Possible Low Moderate High Extreme Unlikely Low Low Moderate Extreme Rare Low Low Moderate High 4th risk control (riskcontrolstrategies.com, 2017) Urgent actions must be taken for risk assessed as critical or high risk, the actions include: Instructions for immediate cessation of Activity, Isolation of the hazard, Prioritizing and immediate reacts to the hazard along with few improvements that can be done quickly, Training workers to be able to deal with the hazard properly and finally Daily check on the hazard to prevent any catastrophic losses. 5th branch diagrams (risk diagrams): (smartdraw.com, 2017) This analysis method is often used in safety engineering to figure out and determine how system can break or fail to analyze how to reduce risk or determine rates and statics of safety accidents. And its commonly used nuclear powers and chemicals processing. Fault tree analysis can be used to understand the concept to the risk event. First: Show the guidelines with the input system safety. Second: Prioritize the circumstances leading to the hazard event. Third: Monitor and insure safer performance. Fourth: Control over resources. Fifth: Assist building a system and a matrix. Sixth: Diagnosis and identifying and avoid the causes of the top event. 6th Risk register: (Brighthub Project Management, 2017) National risks register: Is a national security strategy was first published by the government back in 2008. Aiming to provide advices on how people and business can stay safe by preparing themselves for civil emergencies, there was another update in January 2012 and it was a fulfilling update to the 2008s register. Such register contained all the governments likelihood and potential emergencies risks made by several emergencies and hazards according to natural and industrial occurring hazards that may affect the United Kingdom. 2. Local risk Register: Whatever risk we face daily, it depends on where we live, how we live and the nature of environment around us. Flooding for example will be limited to certain areas of the country, while the odds of an industrial risk will depend on the type of industry and the place; each area has its own set of risks. For example: living by the coast could put you at the risk of a tsunami or a flood. Each area is special when it comes to risks. Therefore, the government provides guidance and instructions on how to act or what to do during this kind of events. It also shows how to overcome and how to treat these risks and how to be prepared before any risk hits suddenly. 7th Dynamic Risk Assessment (KPMG, 2017): DRA was developed by KPMG team: A team of scientists, mathematicians and economists. Its considered a huge step forward in the risk Assessment field which depends on theories, sophisticated algorithms, mathematics and advanced well processed data to identify and analyze risk in a 4th dimensional view. This allows professionals to see where risk can be considered critical or even spread contagion. The threat is measured and calculated before the event to prevent its occurring. References: BusinessDictionary.com. (2017). When was the last time you said this?. [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/risk.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. KPMG. (2017). Dynamic Risk Assessment. [online] Available at: https://home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/services/audit/dynamic-risk-assessment.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Imagineeducation.com.au. (2017). Imagine Education Australia. [online] Available at: http://www.imagineeducation.com.au/files/CHC30113/6_Steps_to_Risk_Manageme [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Project-Management.com. (2017). What are the Components of Risk?. [online] Available at: https://project-management.com/what-are-the-components-of-risk/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. : Spacey, J. (2017). 5 Types of Risk Treatment. [online] Simplicable. Available at: http://simplicable.com/new/risk-treatment [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Gov.uk. (2017). Risk assessment: how the risk of emergencies in the UK is assessed GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/risk-assessment-how-the-risk-of-emergencies-in-the-uk-is-assessed [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Earthquake.usgs.gov. (2017). Introduction to the National Seismic Hazard Maps. [online] Available at: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/learn/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Project-Management.com. (2017). What are the Components of Risk?. [online] Available at: https://project-management.com/what-are-the-components-of-risk/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. KPMG. (2017). Dynamic Risk Assessment. [online] Available at: https://home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/services/audit/dynamic-risk-assessment.html [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Brighthub Project Management. (2017). What Is a Risk Register? Explanation Free Template. [online] Available at: http://www.brighthubpm.com/risk-management/3247-creating-a-risk-register-a-free-excel-template/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Smartdraw.com. (2017). Fault Tree Diagram What is a Fault Tree and Fault Tree Analysis?. [online] Available at: https://www.smartdraw.com/fault-tree/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Theirm.org. (2017). Risk appetite and tolerance. [online] Available at: https://www.theirm.org/knowledge-and-resources/thought-leadership/risk-appetite-and-tolerance/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017]. Risk Control Strategies. (2017). Risk Control Strategies: Threat Security Solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.riskcontrolstrategies.com/ [Accessed 22 Mar. 2017].

Frida Kahlo & Diego Rivera Q & A :: essays research papers

What is your first impressions of the following characters: Frida Kahlo I find her to be disabled from multiple injuries from a few harsh accidents that shouldn’t of happened to anyone, that she got her artist vision & abilities in her first accident involving a bus crashing & then being plasted from her chest down to her calves, then she was basically as soon as only when her right leg was plasted. She was in love with Diego Rivera & married him twice, & then found out that she couldn’t have kids, had gang green on her foot from smoking & drinking a lot, & then she died in peace being with the one she loved the most, being able to do what she loves wants & can, in think of her a brave, considerate, & strong person. Diego Rivera He can paint like a real artist, but he has no sense in love or the meaning of being in a relationship neither for marriage, until it was really, to late to have been able to do the things he could have & wanted to with Frida Kahlo. I want to know what side he is playing for, the best of him or for the worst of him. In the movie â€Å"Frida† how was Frida Kahlo portrayed: As a woman? She was treated like a lady at times & at other times she got treated like a player of the game & man she can be mistaken as a man by looks & personality. As an artist? She was respected for her work, but the fact that she didn’t seem like or acted like an artist, & using canvases that is what she ‘lacked’ in respect, & for a while no-one really seemed to care, but then she met Diego Rivera. As Diego’s wife? No-one believed that she should be married & in love with him for no reason though they all know the reasons why but they just didn’t understand. Their relationship was complicated, cheating upon each other, until they departed because Diego slept with Frida’s sister, then eventually they re-married, though they felt strong about each other though they couldn’t she it til near the end when it was to late. How do think Frida felt about America? That the country lived on striving for power & money that they only wanted it their way or other wise you would either lose your job or, everything else. Fact & point she very much disliked America.

Mother Jones advertises itself as smart, fearless journalism Essay

Of all mothers, Mother Jones advertises itself as â€Å"smart, fearless journalism. † If only we all had mothers who looked this deeply through current events. This is a unique journal which holds itself to high standards in both a journalistic and moral sense. As the website says, they look for articles that are â€Å"Hard-hitting, investigative reports exposing government cover-ups, corporate malfeasance, scientific myopia, institutional fraud or hypocrisy, etc. † It’s a journal that likes to get facts, shocking facts, about what people care about. The pages of the journal are ridden with ads devoted to the environment and environmentally concerned companies. Even financial investors advertize themselves as â€Å"green† investors (pg3). A cigarette company has an entire page add with â€Å"Natural† as their larges printed word. Educational institutions also claim add space that contributes to the worldly responsibility saying â€Å"change yourself, change the world† (pg 21). By using the adds in this journal alone, you could help end animal cloning (pg.33), drink organic coffee (pg 32), invest in economically sensitive companies (pg 25), get information about fixing your pet (pg 21), and even discover how to take part in the â€Å"green festival† (pg 35). All of it is riddled with the underlying message of social responsibility. In the mission statement found on the journals website, it says â€Å"the Mother Jones produces revelatory journalism that seeks to inform and inspire a more just and democratic world. † Notice they used the word â€Å"world,† and not just nation. Both advertisements and articles aim to sway opinions towards helping to change the world. In a single publication, there are articles on global warming, several on current American politics, the possible dangers plastic pose to the environment, oil spills in Brooklyn, education of troubled and disabled students, and the lack of protests on the behalf of today’s college students. It’s clear that this journal is out to change the world and hold us all accountable for higher moral and ethical standards. But that begs a question; what kind of standards? It’s tricky to lay a claim on whether this journal is liberal or democrat, let alone identify any defining moral statement as it has articles reflecting both sides of the generalized views of those parties. Perhaps this sentence taken from the websites advertising policies page can help explain the confusion; â€Å"we’re in business to produce great public interest journalism, no strings attached. † Or maybe this one; â€Å"Mother Jones respects and values free expression and dissenting voices. † Sounds very intelligent and fair – idealistic almost – but what’s the catch? Well it’s clear that a magazine is a business, and like any business you have to sell. Mother Jones does this with shock value. They publish articles about torturing children and one entitled â€Å"Gay by Choice? † It also has an article depicting news corporations as bias and even creating â€Å"fake news. † Mother Jones tells their readers all about the things they cannot trust, and reasons why from the experts who claim it. The writers for Mother Jones are experts to say the least. Most of their columns are written by freelancers, but darn good ones. Their cover story â€Å"School of Shock† was written by Jennifer Gonnerman after a yearlong investigation. Gary Greenberg is a contributing writer who is also psychotherapist, and his work has appeared in The New Yorker and Best American Science and Nature Writing. It’s clear that they editors believe, as their website claims, that they â€Å"assume that our readers are sufficiently smart and skeptical. † Though, when reading the articles it is clear that a degree is not needed to read this journal. Technical terms are not used freely or thoughtlessly. All in all, this journal claims, and lives up to those claims, to be a smart and justifiable journalism. It’s a publication that’s not a slave to it’s advertizers, and respects different viewpoints. I could see favor given to stories with shock value, but the overall theme of the journal, of global responsibility, would not be compromised. A Journal of Interest In Jennifer Gonnerman’s article â€Å"School of Shock,† she describes the extremely controversial disciplinary actions of the Judge Rotenberg Educational center located in Massachusetts. The center was originally set up for children with such extreme behavioral problems that they could not be a part of a normal classroom. Electric shocks are used on about half of the 234 children within the facility which charges $220,000 a year for each student. These children are diagnosed with sever autism, metal retardation, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or are emotionally disturbed. By relaying the stories of children who have been through traumatic events in the facility, as well as her own personal experience interviewing them and visiting the school, Gonnerman creates a very emotional piece. After reading it myself, tears nearly ran down my cheek; and I’m a man who rarely tears. Surprisingly, most of the article is factual, with some informative narrative. The voice of Gonnerman is present, as are her thoughts and opinions, but they are not stated outright. By doing this she lets the reader feel through the facts and experience rather than preach to them. It could be very easy to push such an article in the face of readers with strong visual images, but instead the images are simply those of children sitting or standing, usually with an adult looking over them. There are no images of children being shocked, but there are also no pictures of children misbehaving. In this way, the article is neutral in it’s portrayal of the school. Though I cannot imagine anyone who believes that shocking a child with the voltage described is an ok thing to do, the article voices both sides of the argument. Numerous examples are given of a extreme behavior such as inducing vomiting, biting chunks out of his/her own tongue, setting fires and cutting him/herself. It’s a place where any child can go, despite their history or severity of behaviors. In some ways, it sounds like a necessary evil. The writing is clearly seeking to shut the school down, but it does not give a solution for its necessity. It does not give any alternatives for students or parents. I leave the article wondering how else to handle such violent and disturbed children. A Journal of Freelance Of the articles published in Mother Jones, most of it comes from freelance writers. That doesn’t mean, however, that just anyone can write for them. A slew of experts and highly educated, and highly published, writers contribute to this journal. But if you don’t want to go and get your doctorate just to be published, here are a few things to think about in order to get published: Subject, Experience, and Tone. The Subject, first and formost, must be one of large consequence. Either look to meet a large interest with a large number of people, or look for a topic that would shock a large number of people. Also, the topic must be something that can be affected or has subsequent consequences. To sum it up in a few words, it should be a new view on a popular subject. As for your experience with the subject, well years of schooling aren’t required to write for Mother Jones, but years of experience might be. Not only will this journal hold your writing and journalistic talents to a high level, but many people who have written on a subject for the journal have also written a book about it; and it’s been published. If you’ve been published in big name journals like The New Yorker, or Rolling Stone, that might work also. And finally the tone of your writing must be affirmative action. The editors of this magazine seek to change the world with it, so think along the lines of that. Other than a lot of research, aim to persuade readers to take action. Who knows, maybe Mother Jones will change the world some day, and you could be a part of it.

Semantic Field Definition and Examples

Semantic Field Definition and Examples A semantic field is a set of words (or lexemes) related in meaning. The phrase is also known as a word field, lexical field, field of meaning, and semantic system. Linguist Adrienne Lehrer has defined semantic field more specifically as a set of lexemes which cover a certain conceptual domain and which bear certain specifiable relations to one another (1985). Examples and Observations The subject matter often unites a semantic field. The words in a semantic field share a common semantic property. Most often, fields are defined by subject matter, such as body parts, landforms, diseases, colors, foods, or kinship relations.... Lets consider some examples of semantic fields....The field of stages of life is arranged sequentially, though there is considerable overlap between terms (e.g., child, toddler) as well as some apparent gaps (e.g., there are no simple terms for the different stages of adulthood). Note that a term such as minor or juvenile belongs to a technical register, a term such as kid or tot to a colloquial register, and a term such as sexagenarian or octogenarian to a more formal register. The semantic field of water could be divided into a number of subfields; in addition, there would appear to be a great deal of overlap between terms such as sound/fjord or cove/harbor/bay. (Laurel J. Brinton, The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) Metaphors and Semantic Fields Semantic fields are also sometimes called fields of meaning: Cultural attitudes to particular areas of human activity can often be seen in the choices of metaphor used when that activity is discussed. A useful linguistic concept to be aware of here is that of semantic field, sometimes called just field, or field of meaning.... The semantic field of war and battle is one that sports writers often draw on. Sport, particularly football, in our culture is also associated with conflict and violence. (Ronald Carter, Working With Texts: A Core Introduction to Language Analysis. Routledge, 2001) More and Less Marked Members of a Semantic Field Color terms also help illustrate how words are grouped into a semantic field. In a semantic field, not all lexical items necessarily have the same status. Consider the following sets, which together form the semantic field of color terms (of course, there are other terms in the same field): Blue, red, yellow, green, black, purpleIndigo, saffron, royal blue, aquamarine, bisque The colors referred to by the words of set 1 are more usual than those described in set 2. They are said to be less marked members of the semantic field than those of set 2. The less marked members of a semantic field are usually easier to learn and remember than more marked members. Children learn the term blue before they learn the terms indigo,, royal blue, or aquamarine. Often, a less marked word consists of only one morpheme, in contrast to more marked words (contrast blue with royal blue or aquamarine). The less marked member of a semantic field cannot be described by using the name of another member of the same field, whereas more marked members can be thus described (indigo is a kind of blue, but blue is not a kind of indigo). Less marked terms also tend to be used more frequently than more marked terms; for example, blue occurs considerably more frequently in conversation and writing than indigo or aquamarine....Less marked terms are also often broader in meaning than more marked terms.... Finally, less marked words are not the result of the metaphorical usage of the name of another object or concept, whereas more marked words often are; for example, saffron is the color of a spice that lent its name to the color. (Edward Finegan. Language: Its Structure and Use, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2008)

mythological illusions Essay Example

mythological illusions Essay Example mythological illusions Essay mythological illusions Essay Essay Topic: Beauty and the Beast and Other Tales Durfee AP LIT 4th 19 sept 2012 Achilles Mythological Allusions BartleBy. com Achilles story begins when a prophesy is made about Troy. The only way to capture it, would be if the Greeks had Achilles help. Thetis, Achilles mother knew that if Achilles went into this battle, he would die. So she dipped him in the purest of waters by holding his heel. Then sent young Achilles to Scyros where he was hidden away and disguised as a girl. Eventually, Achilles was caught by Odysseus and agreed to go off with Odysseus to Troy. Once at Troy, Achilles was an invincible warrior. Along the ay, Achilles captured many towns in the Trojan territory. In the midst of the war, Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks, was forced by an oracle of Apollo to give up Chryseis, his own prize. He then proceeded to take Briseis from Achilles to make up for his loss. This was the central plot of the Iliad. After Briseis was taken, Achilles was enraged and refused to fght. From there on out, the war turned in the Trojans favor. Thetis gave Achilles new armor made by Hephaestus, and he returned to the war and slayed Hector. Achilles the proceeded to drag the body behind his chariot in front of Troy and refused to allow Hectors body to be properly buried. When King Priam secretly entered into the Greek camp to plead for the body, Achilles gave in and allowed him to take the body. This is one of the more intriguing parts of the Iliad as Achilles showed complete respect for Priam was the enemy. From there, Achilles went defeated many enemies and fought until finally Paris, with help from Apollo, shot Achilles with a poison arrow in the one place where he was vulnerable his heel. Commentary: This of course is where we get the expression Achilles Heel basically meaning your weakness. No matter how great you may be, youll always have a weakness, your Achilles Heel. In literature, Achilles is portrayed all over. In the television series Class of the Titans, one of the seven heroes, Archie, is descended from Achilles and has inherited both his vulnerable heel and part of his invincibility. Agamemnon Agamemnon, king of Argos, was the son of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and his wife Aerope and was the brother of Menelaus. After Atreus was murdered by his nephew Aegisthus, Agamemnon and Menelaus took refuge with Tyndareus, king of Sparta, whose daughters, Clytemnestra and Helen, they married. By Clytemnestra, Agamemnon had a son, Orestes, and three daughters, Iphigeneia, Electra, and recovered his fathers kingdom. When Paris, prince of Troy, carried off Helen, Agamemnon called on the princes of the country to unite in a war of revenge against the Trojans. He himself furnished 100 ships and was chosen commander in chief of the combined forces. The fleet was ready to set sail, but was prevented winds that were sent by the goddess Artemis because Agamemnon offended her. To appease the wrath of Artemis, Agamemnon was forced to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigeneia. After the capture of Troy, Cassandra, Paris sister, fell to Agamemnons ot in the distribution of the prizes of war. On his return he landed in Argolis, where Aegisthus had seduced Agamemnons wife, and carried out the murders of Agamemnon, his comrades, and Cassandra. As a form of revenge, Orestes murdered Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. Commentary: In most works of literature, illusions of Agamemnon are often seen as ruthless rulers and or emperors of false anger. Genesis 1 Biblical Allusions Genests 1: 1-50 In the beginning there was no earth or sky or sea or animals. And then God spoke in the darkness: Let there be light! And right away there was light. God said, From ow on, when its dark it will be night and when its light, it will be day. Then nighttime came and the night passed and then the light came back again. That was the first day. On the second day, God made the earth and over it He hung a sky. And the second day was over. The next morning God looked around and thought, the e arth needs to be a bit more organized. So, He put all the water in one place and all the dry land in another. When He finished that, God made plants to cover the land. Flowers and trees and grasses started to grow. Its looking great, said God and that was the end of the third day. On the fourth day, God looked around and thought, the daylight still needs a bit more work and the night is Just too dark. So, He made the sun to light the sky during the day and the moon and stars to add light to the night. He hung them in the sky and stepped back to look at his work. The next day, God looked at the water and created birds to fly over, and fish to swim inside. And that was the end of the fifth day. On the sixth day, God added animals to the land. He added everything from ants to zebras to the land. But He still felt something was missing. So God added Mankind to enjoy and take care of all that He ad created. After six days, the whole universe was completed. On the seventh day God had a nice long rest and enjoyed looking at all He had made. Commentary: The story of creation is over used in modern and literature of the past. Also the phrase Let there be Light! is often adopted by people of power in works of literature. The Nativity: Mathew I, Luke I Mathew Luke 1: 1-80 While Mary was still engaged to Joseph, she miraculously became pregnant through the Holy Spirit, as foretold to her by the angel Gabriel. When Mary told Joseph she was pregnant, he had every right to feel disgraced, and Joseph could ave divorced her under Jewish law, and under said law, Mary could have been put to death via stoning, but he didnt. God sent him a message via a dream and he became a rather supportive Earthly father for Jesus. Far away in the East, some men saw a new in the sky. They studied their scrolls where it said that whenever a bright new star appeared it meant that a ruler had been born. The Wise Men decided to find this new ruler. They went to Jerusalem to see King Herod, because they thought the baby would be in the palace. They asked to see the child that would be King of the Jews. The king was confused and thought this new king may take away is throne. He told them to return when they had found the baby so that he could worship the child himself. The men set off to find the baby. They were guided by the star to the stable in Bethlehem. Here they knelt down and worshipped Jesus. Joseph had a dream where an angel told him to take Mary and Jesus to Egypt because King Herod had ordered that Jesus be killed. They left Bethlehem right away. When the men did not return, Herod ordered that all male children in Bethlehem be killed. They did not find Jesus. Commentary: The story of Nativity is alluded whenever a great birth of power is in effect. Beauty and the Beast Fairytales Bartleby. com A merchant lived in a mansion with his three daughters, who were all beautiful, except for one, who was more beautiful than the rest. Belle, age fourteen was a very sweet girl. When her father claimed he was travelling, she asked him to bring home a rose. He promised he would, so he traveled and was lost in a forest. In the forest, he found a castle. Inside, there was food and gifts, of which the merchant thought was for him. He ate the food and then found a rose. When he went to go pick up the rose, a beast came and told him that he was going to die. The merchant begged for his life, nd explained that the rose was for his daughter. The beast then said that he would be his prisoner, or hed have to trade with his daughter. His daughter traded places with her father and she became the beasts prisoner. Every night, the beast would ask if shed marry him, and every night shed say no. Eventually, the two fell in love and when she kissed him, he transformed into Prince Adam. Commentary: This story tells that love and beauty come in all shapes and sizes. And that no matter how you look, youd still be able to find love. Antigone was the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta. After Oedipus left the throne, is two sons, Eteocles and Polynices, agreed to rule Thebes in alternate years. Eteocles, at the end of his first year of rule, went back on his word and refused to step down. Polynices then raised an army of traditional enemies of Thebes and led them against his city. The battle ends with the defeat of the invading army, but Eteocles and Polynices are both dead, killed by each others hand. Creon, who now assumes power in Thebes, declares that, as he was the protector of the city, Eteocles body will be properly buried, but Polynices, because he attacked the city, will be left unburied on the battlefield. Antigone decides she must disobey, arguing that a law of man which violates religious law is no law at all. She performs a ceremonial burial and demands that she will herself be buried by being sealed in a cave. Creons son, Haemon, however, is betrothed to Antigone, and protests her sentence and lectures his father on wise leadership. Creon refuses to change his mind. When the prophet Tiresias informs Creon that the gods are angry with his pronouncement concerning Polynices, he finally relents, but too late. When the cave is opened to retrieve Antigone, she has already hung herself. In his grief and anger, Haemon tries to kill Creon. He fails, and then kills himself instead. When he returned to the palace, Creon also learns that his wife, Eurydice, killed herself too when she heard what had happened. Finally, Creon is ruler over an orderly city, but he has lost everything. Antigone is Just a girl who wanted fairness and equality. She felt sorrow for Polynices because his brother was the one who betrayed the sacred promise and religious law. Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty. Aphrodite is the wife of the lame and ugly god of fire, Hephaestus. Among her lovers was Ares, god of war, who eventually became her husband. She was the rival of Persephone, queen of the underworld, for the love of the beautiful Greek youth Adonis. Eris, the goddess of discord, was the only goddess not invited to the wedding of King Peleus and the Thetis, and she was so angry, that she threw a golden apple into their wedding arrangement. When Zeus refused to Judge between the three goddesses who claimed the apple, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, they asked Paris, prince of Troy, to make the award. Each offered him a bribe: Hera, that he would be a powerful ruler; Athena, that he would achieve great military fame; and Aphrodite, that he should have the fairest woman in the world. Paris selected Aphrodite as the fairest and chose as his prize Helen of Troy, the wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Pariss abduction of Helen led to the Trojan War. Commentary: In Homers Iliad Aphrodite is said to be the daughter of Zeus and Dione, a Titan goddess. Other stories tell how she sprang, full-grown, from the foam of the sea near the island Cythera. From there Zephyrus, the west wind, carried her on a shell to Cyprus, which was always regarded as her real home. There the Hours met her, gave her clothes, and brought her to the gods. Every god even Zeus himself wanted this beautiful, golden goddess as his wife. Aphrodite was too proud and rejected them all. To punish her, Zeus gave her to Hephaestus (Vulcan in Roman mythology), the lame and ugly god of the forge. This good-natured craftsman built her a splendid palace on Cyprus. Aphrodite soon left him for Ares (Mars), the handsome god of war. One of their children was Eros (Cupid), the winged god of love. The Fall: Genesis 3 Genests 3: [1-10] A snake comes to Eve and convinces her to eat from the forbidden tree. The woman listens to the serpent and eats from it. She also brings some to Adam and he eats as well. Knowing theyVe sinned, they hide in the garden until God comes. Adam blames Eve. Eve blames the serpent. God curses the serpent and promises a savior to come and crush the serpents head. Women must now endure much pain during childbirth. They will also be ruled over by their husbands. Men must now tool and work to produce food. All people will now have to die. God clothes them and forces them out of the garden. An angel with a flaming sword is placed at the garden gate to prevent anyone from returning and eating of the Tree of Life. Commentary: The story of Adam and Eve has been told so many times by thousands of works of literature. Music, Art, Books, there are too many to name. However, IVe never known hat in the original story, God punishes women via childbirth for Eves sin. Lazarus and his two sisters, Mary and Martha, were friends of Jesus. When Lazarus was sick, his sisters sent a message to Jesus, Lord, the one you love is sick. When Jesus heard the news, he waited two more days before going to Lazarus hometown of Bethany. And when Jesus arrived in Bethany, Lazarus had already been dead and in the tomb for four days. When Martha discovered that Jesus was on his way, she went out to meet him. Jesus told Martha, Your brother will rise again. But Martha thought he was talking about the final resurrection of the dead. Then Jesus said these important words: l am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die. Martha then went and told Mary that Jesus wanted to see her. Jesus had not yet entered the village, most likely to avoid stirring up the crowd and calling attention to himself. The town of Bethany was not far from Jerusalem where the Jewish leaders were against Jesus went to the tomb of Lazarus with Mary, Martha and the rest of the Jesus. mourners. There he asked them to remove the stone that covered the hillside burial place. Jesus looked up to heaven and prayed to his Father, closing with these words: Lazarus, come out! When Lazarus came out of the tomb, Jesus told the people to remove his grave clothes. Commentary: Through the raising of Lazarus, Jesus showed the believers, and the world, that he had power over death. Many believed that Jesus was the Son of God and they put their faith in him after seeing this miracle. Cinderella After the father married the evil stepmother, the stepmother murdered him for his cash, and then used his daughter [Cinderella] as the slave of the house and spoiled her own two daughters with the cash. They practically starved the daughter and every day after she was done with her work, all she had for warmth were the cinders left in the fire place, which is where she got the nickname Cinderella because shed sleep next to the cinders. If she didnt do something fast enough, shed be whipped, just like a slave. Sometimes to earn extra money, because they could never have enough, the stepmother would rent out her daughter much like a prostitute. She was took pity on her. One day the prince held a ball and invited all the maidens in the city, except Cinderella, because the stepmother made sure no one knew she existed. Cinderella was forced to prepare her stepsisters for the ball, and if she did something wrong (like mess up their hair, slightly smudge their makeup, tie something too tight, etc. ) then shed be whipped and slapped. Eventually after the two stepsisters left for the ball and the mother left with them, Cinderella was finally alone in the house and currently did not have to do chores if she didnt want to, so she Just sat down and cried from all the pain her life caused her. The ghost of her father showed up from her tears and sat beside her, along with the ghost of her birth mother as well who had died while she was very young. Together, the spirits magically sewed together a beautiful gown for Cinderella and they healed all her scars and put makeup on her to cover her bruises and she looked absolutely beautiful. The spirits turned a pumpkin into a wondrous coach and some mice into horses and they sent her off to the ball, warning her that the magic would wear off at midnight. At the ball, everyone thought she looked absolutely stunning. But off course, since no one knew Cinderella existed, no one knew who she was. Her beauty even stunned the stepsisters and step mother and they didnt recognize her. Everyone thought she was a princess from some other kingdom. The prince was mesmerized and asked her to dance with him and they fell in love. However, the clock began to chime midnight and she quickly ran off with only a small goodbye to the prince, telling him he would never see her again. As she ran down to her enchanted coach, one of her glass slippers fell off and she tripped, but she quickly regained her footing and scrambled into the coach, which immediately set off. The prince ran down after her with her slipper which he picked up and tried to call her back so he could return it to her, but shed left out of sight. Once the stepsisters and tepmother returned home and they saw Cinderella in her rags sitting on the floor, she was violently beaten for not doing her chores. Over the next few months the prince traveled the kingdom and even out to other lands to try to find Cinderella, saying whoevers foot fit the slipper she left would be his princess. But like I said before, no one knew she existed, and when he described her, no one could tell him where she lived or who she was. He stopped by her house once, as well, but the stepmother had locked her away in her room. The stepsisters tried to fit their giant feet in the slipper but it was impossible. After a while the prince had even put out a reward for whoever could name his princess, and of course the stepmother was enthusiastic about money, so she planned to bring Cinderella to him and collect the money, but then she would murder her afterwards and say shed had a terrible disease that the stepsisters also shared, and they were very poor and if they had enough money to afford medicine then her two other daughters could be saved, so she would collect donations from the kingdom for more money. However, after Cinderella married the prince she told him about her stepmothers plan and she was caught in the act. She was later hung for murdering the father and for attempted murder of Cinderella. The two stepsisters were banned from the kingdom for torturing Cinderella. Commentary: her name actually came from the cinders she slept by, and I suppose you could say she and the prince lived happily ever after once all the death and money was out of the way. Atlas The story of Atlas tells a Titan whose punishment after the battle between the Gods, was to lift the sky forever and eternity. One day, Hercules came to see Atlas for some help finding some Golden Apples. Atlas, bearer of the sky, knew exactly where hey were, and knowing that Hercules was immensely strong, told him to hold the sky for a few hours while Atlas went to fetch the Golden Apples. When Atlas came back with the apples, Hercules complained and said, Who would come back to such a Job like this? Atlas knew he could run away and forever be free. But Hercules tricked him and said to hold up the sky for a quick second while he put a pad on his shoulder. As soon as Atlas held the sky again, Hercules ran away, along with the Golden Apples. The Story of Atlas isnt very known. However through this assignment, Ive learned that maps have adopted the name Atlas from Mythology. Atlas, being the bearer of the Sky, knows where everything is. It only makes sense to call an atlas after Atlas. Cupid and Psyche Venuss son Cupid (or Eros) is the God of Love. He is the one responsible for the relationships that take place on Earth. One day, Venus was enraged by the beauty of Psyche, a mortal, and demanded Eros go to her room, and shoot her with one of his Golden Arrows and Venus would place a beast in her room. As soon as he went to her room, she woke up, and Eros scratched himself with one of his arrows, causing him to fall deeply in love with her. Enraged, Venus made it so that shed never fall in love with anyone. As payback, Eros stopped shooting his Golden Arrows, forcing the world to turn vile and old, also causing Venus power to shrivel. Venus eventually gave in, but her curse still stayed with Psyche. Cupid eventually broke the curse, and was able to fall deeply in love with her. I never knew that Cupids real name was Eros, and I also had no idea that Cupid was capable of loving someone. I thought he was Just unlovable, and that was why he made everyone else fall in love. Noah was a good man who lived with unbelievers/extremely ungodly. God saw the evil and told Noah to build a great ark for the animals (two of each; male and emale) and his family. Anyone who would see him build the ark and believe could come aboard and be saved from the flood, but no one did. It took many years to build and they had plenty of time to believe. They were warned, but only mocked and so they perished in the flood. It rained for 40 days and 40 nights. When it was over God put the rainbow in the sky and told Noah this was a symbol of His promise never to destroy the whole earth with a flood again. Noah and his family came out of the ark onto dry ground and worshiped God immediately. The Story of Noah and the Ark is well known through literature. It is also portrayed in ovies such as Evan Almighty, where Evan is given the same task as Noah was, except more modernized. The Last Supper John 13 Mark 14 The Last Supper tells the story of how Jesus brings together the disciples and eats together with them. During the supper, Jesus holds up a piece of bread from a loaf and claims, This is my body which I have given for you, Eat it! And he does so again with the wine, This is my blood from which I have given up for you, Drink it! however, the moral is the same. The purpose of the Last Supper was to introduce the sacrament, and it is practiced every Sunday by all Christians.

Understanding lab tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding lab tests - Essay Example Every Year nearly 1.5 million individuals in the U.S. suffer a heart attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) and of these approximately 500,000 die. Ischemic Heart Disease is the principal cause of death in the U.S."This can be achieved by adding cardiac biomarkers in the artillery. ECG is the primary diagnostic tool which is nearly 100% specific but sensitivity is only63-82%. Gold standard of investigation for detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction is CK-MB; Cardiac specific Troponin can be added to this for better results. Coronary artery disease to a major degree is due to atheroma and its complications mainly thrombosis. Elevated LDL cholesterol is the single contributor of atherosclerosis LDLc, gets deposited in subendothilial layer of intima of the artery. This deposited LDLc can be removed from the site by HDL. But when triglycerides increases it is associated with decrease in HDL, this decrease in HDL cannot effectively remove LDL, thus helping atherosclerosis.LDLc as such cannot initiate inflammatory response. It needs to be oxidized, which is .brought about by free oxygen radicals. The rise in oxidized LDL in sub -endothelial layer increases the oxidized LDL in the blood and is a highly sensitive index of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL causes release of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule from endothelial cells. This causes adhesion of monocytes to endothelial layer. Oxidized LDL also causes release of Monocyte Chemo Attractant Protein1 (MCP1) which facilitates entry of monocytes into sub endothelia l tissue. Here they converted into macrophages .They absorb cholesterol to form foam cells. The oxidized LDL also gets absorbed on to the surface receptors of the scavenger cells. These foam cells accumulate beneath the sub -endothelial layer of the arteries to form fatty streaks. The foam cells then liberate some factors which cause migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells; these surround the foam cells and induce formation of collagen. The foam cells eventually die off liberating cholesterol in the cavity. Thus atheroma has a central core of cholesterol with a fibrous cap. http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/cmecircle/2002/2036/figure-2-large.jpg The free oxygen radicals cause endothelial dysfunction by inactivating released nitric oxide and inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis. The endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis since normal endothelium releases nitric oxide which in turn inhibits VCAM. Diabetes, smoking, hyper tension, hyper homocysteinemia and increased LDL cholesterol all contribute to oxidative stress. Thus atherosclerotic artery disease begins with a fatty streak on the blood vessel surface which may enlarge to form fatty plaque. The subsequent narrowing of the arteries may eventually lead to disruption of the plaque and to thrombus formation with further reduction of blood flow, thus paving the way for acute myocardial infarction. Complete obstruction of blood results in myocardial necrosis within 20 minutes with maximum irreversible injury occurring within 6 hours. So the restoration of blood flow to the damaged myocardium within two hours but not later than 6 hours can salvage it. http://labs.ansci.uiuc.edu/meatscience/Library/309%20lipid%20transport.gif http://medtech.hcu.ac.th/pic/lipid.jpg Lipid profile Lipid profile is a group of tests to find out the level of LDL, VLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, and T.Cholesterol / HDL ratio. This is used alone or in combination with other risk factors like age, gender, BP, smoking in Framingham score or along with other biomarkers in predicting the risk of a/c Myocardial Infarction. This is a simple blood test .Patient is advised to come on empty stomach